Balancing signaling systems



W. H. MARTlN.

BALANCING SIGNALING SYSTEMS.

APPLICATI ON FILED DEC. 1 9, I918.

Patented Nov. 1, 1921.

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wIL I AMH'." ARTIN, or New YORK; 'nssjieuoit,ToQAivrERICAN r'rnnfirnoirii Am) TELEGRAPH COMPANY, A coRroRA'rIoufor' NEW xonx.

BALANCING smuetinesxsrnivis.

Spec fication or Letters may Patent d Nov. 1, 1921.

A pfiaaaasmenswear 19.1913; saa1w'o.-2e;516:

To all whom it may "concern":

Be it known that I; WILLIAM H. MARTIN, residing'at New York; in the 'countyof Bronx and. State of New York, have invented certain Improvementsv in Balancing which "the following i P easu ments used'incarrying, out the 1I1V8I1tl011.1 t.

Signaling Systems, of is aspecification.

terms" in which a. balance is desired between two" lines, usually a real line and "an artificial line a in duplex operation. It isjespe'cially useful in connection with oceancable signaling although it is by no; means limited to use in that connection. i I

In duplex operation it is necessary to have an artificial li'ne or impedance v network which is designed or adjustedto' have the same impedance. throughout the range of frequencies employed as the impedance of the real line. For signaling overland lines it is usually suflicient to providefor this purpose a comparatively simple impedance network, but for telegraphy over long submarine cablesit ,is' usually necessary to obtain a much finer balance than is possible with the networks usedon land lines, be cause the arriving current is very small compared to'the outgoing current; In duplex operation of submarinecables therefore, an artificial line is usually provided which consists of a large number of sections each comprising the usual series and' 'shunt impedances, the wholebeing designed to equal the constants of the actualcable as'nearly as can be determined from measurements made before the cable is laid. As a result of the irregularitiesand variations in the actual cable and the artificialcable, the degree of balance obtainedeven with these more elaborate artificial lines is still so imperfect that the. unbalance constitutes a limiting factor in the speed of operation possible over the tion with'the accompanying drawings where- Figure" 1}; illustrates diagrammatically a duplex cable circuit to whichithe invention ls applicable, Figsfl25' 3, 4 and 5 are diagrams se'rvlng to explain the method" of op erat on and Fig. 6-'is' a diagrammatic-illustration showing an arrangement for making duplex set comprisingtheiratioarms 2 and 3 and the artificial lined; the sending apparatus 5 being'con'nec'ted to the junction 6 otthe ratio arms and the receiving device 7 being connected across their extremities 8 and' 9'. Section 10 of cable 1 is intended'to represent an irregularitvin the line such as might be caused for instance in repairing the cable by the insertion of a section havingslightly different constants. Objectionable irregularities may arise from faults 'resulting in leakage or even arise from differences of temperature of the water at differ,- ent points v or from variations in, the depth of water in which it is laid. v i

The artificial'line il'repr esent's the usual artificial line used in duplex cable operation. It is composedof alarge number ofsections, givinga fairly close simulation of the real line as originally laid. If a high degree of balance is desired however any irregularity in theimpedance; such as represented, at 10 in Fig.v lymusftbe represented in the art-i ficial line by a similar irregularity at a distance from the end of the artificial line corresponding electrically. to the location of the irregularity in the main line.

The method by which the location of such an irregularity in the real line may be determined will be understood from the following. In Fig. 2, L represents an infinitely long line, the impedance ofwhich at m is Z; and at 1 is Z in the direction away from w'the distance between in and 3/ being at. Let the portion of the line between points 00 and ybe uniform, the characteristic impedance for which at an infinite length is Z and let I V represent the amount of an irregularity, i.,e., the amount by' which the constants for a. given unit of length differ from the constants of a unit of uniform line. It will be understood that the impedance Z may be readily measured from the end of the line innthe usual manner. The impedance Z cannot, of course, ordlnarlly be measured, since even if the polnt of the irreguf larity is known it is usually inaccessible in cable circuits. A knowledge of 7 its value beforehand is, of course, not essential to the exercise of this invention. The propagation constant, a, of the uniform line is a-H' in which a represents the attenuation constant and b the wave length constant, j

being The impedance Z differs from Z1 because of some abnormality in the,

constants of'the cable beyond thevpoint 3 For this condition, it has been found that the difference, between impedance Z and impedance Z is given by'the following formulae,

in'which e is the base of the Naperian logarithms. This may ze derived from Flemings formula for th propagation ofvtelephone current in cables.v (The Proplagw time ofEZectm'c Current c'nTeZephone and a Telegraph Conductors by J. A. Fleming, second edition, page 87.) c i Assuming that W is small in magnitude compared with'Z as it'usually is, we may then take I 1.tanhad 1+tanl1'ad Now I e=cosh u-l-sinh u (14) a d. c 1

e=cosl1 u"sinh u (16) I I (Fleming supra pp. 20 and 21) hence E a v I f e= +tanh u (14a) and i I e li tanh (16a) I Dividing 14 b 1 whichifis frequency, we have,

from which we have equation above substituting (Z cZ for.W

If R, L, C, and S represent respectively'the resistance, inductance, capacity and leakage of the cable per unit length,and (0:21tf in Z I S+joC V (Compare Fleming supra 72.) Assuming, as is justifiablein most cases,

' that'the leakage and inductance of the'cable are negligible compared to the resistance and capacity, we may conveniently determine how theA and B factorsvary. Under this assumption, at any frequency 7 (See Fleming suprap. 68) and with the same assumption we find: I

Fig. shows the variation of A and B.

It will be noted that both tend to oscillate.

because of the sine andcosine factors" but the attenuat on is so great that only two peaks appear on a curve of the scale shown.

As a and '6 both increase as'the square root of the frequency the variation of A and B is not periodic but successive peaks are in creasingly farther apart.

It can be shown from the expressions for Aand B that the locations o fthe peaks are a function of d but that the magnitude of any particular peak,.such as the first is always the same. It is evident, then that the application of these operators A and B to (Z Z can be made to show by the values of (Z -Z )'-the location, type and'magnitude of the irregularity at point y.

Thus the location of the first peak-may be obtained as follows:

Difi'erentiating'A with respect to (Z and solving for the value of f atthe first peak it is found that the first peak occurs when it will be found that the Value of the frequency for the'first peakiin the curve for B, isthatwhich makes 7 r an zbd a or ifb=a 1r 2bd= n/ v and e4R0d for which -a Using this value for f, the value of B is Y B e sin ZT i In similar manner the-flooation of suc CQ-Qdlllg peaks or of the zero po nts may be obtained. 1

The following isa tabulation of the location and the magnitude ofthe peaks and zero points of the curves for A and B as calculated from the formulae above given.

A. r B

Frequency. Magnitude. Frequency. Magnitude.

1st zero (2) 10 0 05 K 0 lstpeak (3) K' .067 (1) K -.322 2nd zero (6) 1? 0; (WK 0 2nd peak (7) K 0029 (5) K +.0139 3rd zero .;.i.. (10) K 0 (8) K 0 Ala emca If the irregularity is'dueto excess re sistance at point y then Therefore the*peaks' in the curves fonM and'N come at the values of f computed above for A and B and the magnitude of 7' is given by the value of M at the first peak divided by ,O67or in a corresponding manner by the value of Nat the first peak divided by .322. Curves for M and N are shown by Fig 4, the excess serie resistance beingassumedto be 1 ohm. This factor being unity gives the curves their identity in amplitudes to those of Fig. 3.

' If the irregularity is due to too little re-' sistance at point '1 then the signs of and. N Will be the'reverse ofthe values given above for A and B.

If the irregularity is due to an excess shunt capacity G at point y, then these expressions being derived from the well-known relation i=i n y Z0 7' ava If is large compared to Z as would be the case in general because C would be 7 small, the expression can be written zc jaw no yc" -T- O H ?O1 7O1 4O pression may be Written I of magnitude the same effect as a decrease in the resistance of magnitude R and can be so treated.

'10 values corresponding to those discussed above for A and B the irregularity isdue to either too much series resistance or too little shunt capacity. If the values of M' and N correspond in magnitude but have opposite signs the irregularity is due to too little resistance or too much capacity at point 3 In either 'case'the irregularity may be balanced by a corresponding change in either the series resistance or the shunt capacity of the artificial line at the proper point, the proper point being given by the indicated value of d.

If the irregularity is due to shunt resistance z. c; leakage the curve for M and N will be as shown in Fig. 5. A shunt leak S at point will make these equations'being derived from the Wellknown relation If S is large compared to Z then the we Letting esin 212d The first peak in A occurs when tan Zbd g iI (if b af 7r f: eCdf as? a. :322 Therefore the value of M. fat' the first peak I willbe" R ,.322 1M arcs 1 Similarly if B1 T cosZbd Therefore the value ofN at the first peak will be I R .067 T 2108 T The following table will serve to compare the effects of different types of irregularities , Irreg. due to +1 Irreg. due to. irreg; due to or -C;.' r or +6 7 8.

-Frequenc% of first pea 9K 9K K N K K 9K Magnitude of first peak. 0 C

M --.067 (T 01 .067 (rorgR) 322 12 1 N .322 (1 or R) .322 (1* 01 R) .067

- L mmow It is evident from this table that an inspection of the curves for M and, N will give not only the location of an irregularity but also its character and magnitude.

The inductance and leakage in the cable will have negligible or small effects at the lower frequencies but will become important with higher frequencies. The inclusion of these constants in the above formulae will therefore affect the results derived for the' higher frequencies and it will probably be necessary to take'into account the inducsuch measurements.

tance and leakage when a-rigorous application is made of the relations discussed above. Thederivatlon of the results glven above will serve, however, to illustrate the I their character and magnitude, and intro method.

in finding out the location of a series re sistance irregularity from the first peak in the curve for M, use is made of the rela tion that at the frequency at which the peak occurs I a tan2bddescribed the irregularities in the actualcable and also in the artificial line may be located by making impedance measurements of each and comparing the values obtainedto those of the corresponding characteristic impedances. In doing this any of the usual types of alternating current bridges can be used. Y m

The artificial line may be checked up in this way and after all undesired irregularities therein have been removed, it'can be used as one of the bridge arms so that a direct measurement is made of the variation with frequency of the difference between the impedances of the actual and artificial cable. An inspection of this variation Will give the place in the artificial line to locate an irregularity and will also indicate the character and magnitude of the irregularity which will be required to obtain a balance between the two cables. Fig. 6 shows one convenient way of using the artificial line as one of the bridge arms for Other ways of using it for this purpose will be obvious.

If a number of irregularities exist in the same cable their combined effect will be equal to the sum of the effects produced by each irregularity separately. A curve of thecombined effect can therefore be analyzed into its components and each irregularity treated separately.

It will be ObVlOllSi'thLt by the method above described a much finer degree of balance for ocean cables and like circuits may be secured than has hitherto been obtained and the speed of signaling may be corre-' of cable irregularities on the balance of a circuit involving the use of a balancing line which consists'in determining the location of the irregularities in the cable, as well as cable at which the balance is to be produced.

and introducing like irregularities into the balancing line at po nts therein-whose electrlcal distances from the said end of the line represent thedistances of the respective ir-' regularities from the same end of the line.

method of perfecting the balance in a circuit arranged for duplex operation WhlCll, consists in locating irregular ties in'the balancing line and removing such irregularities therein as have no counterpart in the main line, then locating irregularities in the main line, and introducing into the artificial line like irregularities at electrical distances from the end of the line which respectively represent the distances of the irregularities in the main line from the same end.

I -4;. The method of producing and preserving the balance in a duplex set for ocean cable circuits which consists in measuring the 'cable from time'to time to locate irregularities in the impedance thereof and introducing into the balancing line corresponding irregularities at points therein which correspond electrically to the location of the irregularities found in the cable.

5. The method of overcoming the effects of cable irregularities on the balance of a circuit involving the use of a balancing line, Which consists'ln determining by means of impedance measurements, the location,char- *act'er and magnitude of irregularities in the cable, and introducing irregularities of like character and magnitude into the balancing line at points therein whose electrical dis tances from the end at which the balance is to be produced represent the distances of the respective irregularities from the same end of the cable. 7

6. The method of perfecting the balance in a circuit arranged for duplex telegraph operation which consists in determining the location, character and magnitude of differences between the actual and balancing lines by means of measurements of the difference between the impedance of the two lines, and making changes in the balancing line correspending in magnitude and character to the differences so determined and at electrical distances from theend thereof corresponding to the location of the variations in the actual line. v

r 7. The method of perfecting the balance between an actual and an artificial line comprising series and shunt impedances Which consists in measuring the difierence between v the impedance of the two lines and making in the artificial line changes in the constants of the series and shunt impedance of the magnitude and character and at'the electrical location indicated by said difference.

8. The method of overcoming the effects of cable irregularities on the balance of a circuit involving the use of a balancing line, which consists in determining, by means of alternating current impedance measurements,- the location character and magni tude of irregularities in the cable, and introducing irregularities of like character and magnitude into the balancingline at points therein Whose electrical distances from the end at Which the balance is to be produced, represent the distances of the respective irregularities from the same end of the cable.

location, character and magnitude of differ- V ences between the actual and balancing lines by means of measurements of thedifi'erence between the alternating current impedance of the two lines, and making changes in the balancing line corresponding in magnitude and character to the diiferences so determined and at electrical distances from the end thereof corresponding to the locationof the variations in the actual line. 5

'10. The method of determining the transmission characteristics of a line Which consists in measuring the impedance 01 a transmission line to alternating currentsthroughout a range of frequencies, noting'the magnitude and sign of given peaks in the impedance values so obtained and the frequencies at which theyoccur, and determining from this the magnitude, character and location of the irregularities in said line.

In testimony whereof I havesigned my name to this specification this 16th day of December, 1918.

WILLIAM HiMARTIN. 

